When reporting descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency help you find the middle or the average of your data set. The three most common measures of central tendency are the mode, median, and mean.

How many modes can you have?

A data set can often have no mode, one mode or more than one mode – it all depends on how many different values repeat most frequently.

Your data can be:

• without any mode
• unimodal, with one mode,
• bimodal, with two modes,
• trimodal, with three modes, or
• multimodal, with four or more modes.

Mode calculator

You can calculate the mode by hand or with the help of our mode calculator below.
 

Find the mode (by hand)

To find the mode, follow these two steps:

1. If the data for your variable takes the form of numerical values, order the values from low to high. If it takes the form of categories or groupings, sort the values by group, in any order.
2. Identify the value or values that occur most frequently.

Numerical mode example

Your data set is the ages of 6 college students.

By ordering the values from low to high, we can easily see the value that occurs most frequently.

The mode of this data set is 22.

Categorical mode example

Your data set contains the highest education levels of the participants’ parents.

To sort the values by group, you create a simple frequency table. Place the categories on the left hand side and the frequencies on the right hand side.

From the table, you can see that there are two modes. This means you have a bimodal data set.

The modes are Bachelor’s degree and Master’s degree.

Find the mode with grouped data

A grouped frequency table organizes large numerical data sets into intervals or classes of values and reports the frequency of values in each class.

For grouped data, you can report the mode in two ways:

• the modal class is the grouping with the highest frequency of values.
• the modal value is estimated as the midpoint of the modal class.

The mode is only an estimate in this case, because the actual values within the modal class are unknown.

Modal class and modal value example

You have a data set that includes the average reaction times of participants. You organize the data into a frequency table.

Reaction times are placed in classes of 100 milliseconds each. The frequency column shows the number of participants within each class.

You can visualize your data set by plotting your data on a histogram. The mode is the value with the highest peak on a histogram or bar chart.

From your table or histogram, you can see that the modal class – the group in which values appear most frequently – is 500–599 milliseconds. Therefore, the mode is estimated to be at the midpoint of this class: 550 milliseconds.

Importantly, the choice of intervals in grouped data can have a large impact on the mode. For example, changing the intervals from 100 ms long to 50 or 200 ms long could result in completely different modes.

When to use the mode

The level of measurement of your variables determines when you should use the mode.

The mode works best with categorical data. It is the only measure of central tendency for nominal variables, where it can reflect the most commonly found characteristic (e.g., demographic information). The mode is also useful with ordinal variables – for example, to reflect the most popular answer on a ranked scale (e.g., level of agreement).

For quantitative data, such as reaction time or height, the mode may not be a helpful measure of central tendency. That’s because there are often many more possible values for quantitative data than there are for categorical data, so it’s unlikely for values to repeat.

Example of quantitative data with no mode

You collect data on reaction times in a computer task, and your data set contains values that are all different from each other.

In this data set, there is no mode, because each value occurs only once.

Frequently asked questions about the mode

How do I find the mode?

To find the mode:

• If your data is numerical or quantitative, order the values from low to high.
• If it is categorical, sort the values by group, in any order.

Then you simply need to identify the most frequently occurring value.

Can there be more than one mode?

A data set can often have no mode, one mode or more than one mode – it all depends on how many different values repeat most frequently.

Your data can be:

• without any mode
• unimodal, with one mode,
• bimodal, with two modes,
• trimodal, with three modes, or
• multimodal, with four or more modes.

What are measures of central tendency?

Measures of central tendency help you find the middle, or the average, of a data set.

The 3 most common measures of central tendency are the mean, median and mode.

• The mode is the most frequent value.
• The median is the middle number in an ordered data set.
• The mean is the sum of all values divided by the total number of values.

Which measures of central tendency can I use?

The measures of central tendency you can use depends on the level of measurement of your data.

• For a nominal level, you can only use the mode to find the most frequent value.
• For an ordinal level or ranked data, you can also use the median to find the value in the middle of your data set.
• For interval or ratio levels, in addition to the mode and median, you can use the mean to find the average value.